Barely Significant
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Concentration-dependent increase in symptoms due to diesel exhaust in a controlled human exposure study.

Part Fibre Toxicol · 2022 · PMC9685897 · PMID 36419123

3
hedged sentences
0.0500
closest p · 1.0× alpha
0.0900
boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significanceP = 0.05actually significant
Redoing this analysis with only the 15 participants that completed all four exposures did little to change the output, but eye category symptoms were no longer significantly changed ( P > 0.1) and hence total symptoms moved to borderline significance ( P = 0.05–0.1).

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a trend towards significanceP = 0.09so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)
Compared to FA, DE at 150 μg/m 3 induced an increase in total (8.45 ± 3.92, P = 0.04) and eye (3.18 ± 1.55, P = 0.05) symptoms, and a trend towards significance in the constitutional (1.49 ± 0.86, P = 0.09) and nasal (1.71 ± 0.96, P = 0.08) symptoms (Fig. 2 ).

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P ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant, while P values 0.051–0.1 were considered to be “trending towards significance”.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.