Consumption of the cell-free or heat-treated fractions of a pitched kefir confers some but not all positive impacts of the corresponding whole kefir.

In male mice, each of the PK1, CFK, and HK groups had lower total cholesterol levels than the HFD control group ( Figure 2A ), while in female mice the PK1 and CFK groups had lower levels of total cholesterol and HK mice showed a trend for a reduction ( p = 0.054; Figure 2D ).

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