Detected prenatal perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure is associated with decreased fetal head biometric parameters in participants experiencing higher perceived stress during pregnancy in the MADRES cohort.

One study used a mixture approach of prenatal PFAS exposure and maternal stressors (perceived stress and depression) through quantile g-computation and observed an inverse association with the PFAS and stress mixture and birthweight z-scores, although it did not reach statistical significance ( Eick et al., 2022 ).

also in 111,027 other papers