Different roles of concurring climate and regional land-use changes in past 40 years' insect trends.

Forty-year mean occupancy was higher for species with an increasing trend (0.181, 95% CI: 0.172–0.191) than for species with a decreasing trend (0.128, 95% CI: 0.119–0.138; difference 0.0531, 95% CI: 0.0336–0.0711) (Fig. 2 ), showing that the distribution of more widespread species increased even more, whereas the distribution of narrow-ranged species became even more confined 31 , 38 .

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In total, 203 species (95% CI: 193–215, 48.7–54.6% of species) showed a positive trend in mean occupancy between 1980 and 2020, and 187 species (95% CI: 176–198) showed a negative trend.

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