External and internal focus of attention differentially modulate corticospinal excitability in anticipatory postural adjustments.

Regarding the integrated EMG (iEMG) activity in each muscle, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed no effect of the ‘condition’ ( F (1,14) = 3.0, P = 0.09, η 2 = 0.002; TB muscle, EF: 46 ± 4% of maximum voluntary contraction [MVC], IF: 52 ± 6%MVC; TA muscle, EF: 11 ± 2%MVC, IF: 9 ± 1%MVC; SOL muscle, EF: 27 ± 6%MVC, IF: 25 ± 5%MVC), but the AD muscle (EF, 55 ± 8%MVC; IF, 59 ± 9%MVC) showed a trend of less activity in the EF condition than in the IF condition (post hoc, P = 0.06).

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