showed a trendP = 0.071
The experience of financial problems during the pandemic was significantly associated with a 0.29-point reduction of perceived family happiness after controlling for other factors (Model 1: Beta = −0.29, bootstrap SE = 0.12, P = 0.014), whereas the experience of close persons died of COVID-19 infection only showed a trend of association without reaching the threshold of statistical significance (Model 1: Beta = −0.29, bootstrap SE = 0.16, P = 0.071).