A High-Throughput Mechanical Activator for Cartilage Engineering Enables Rapid Screening of in vitro Response of Tissue Models to Physiological and Supra-Physiological Loads.

Cartilage discs subjected to 50% strain revealed an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic activity, with a significant increase in TGFB1 , BMP2 , and ALK5 , but only a positive trend in ACAN , ID1 , and SMAD3 , and no changes in COL2A1 , COL10 , and MMP13 .

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Compared to the static condition, supra-physiological loading induced marked increases in ALK5 , TGFB1 , and BMP2 levels, while SMAD3 ( p = 0.08) , ID1 ( p = 0.08), and ACAN ( p = 0.06) expression showed an increasing trend that did not yet reach significance, but still suggesting activation of the Smad3/TGF-β pathway.

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In particular, the statistically significant increase of ACAN , SMAD3 , TGFB1 , and ID1 was confirmed in physiologically compressed samples even with n = 4, while the upregulation of ALK5 , BMP2 , and COL2 did not yet reach significance ( p = 0.06), but presented a strong trend following the same pattern shown in Figure 5 .

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