Characterization of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses to an Adjuvanted Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Vaccine Candidate in Mice.

Consistent with systemic antibody levels, AMVAD + spike-immunized mice showed robust spike- and RBD-specific IgA titers in BALF; however, AMVAD + RBD antibody levels were very low against both antigens at the experimental endpoint and did not reach statistical significance relative to RBD control ( Figure 3 A).

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