Host variation in type I interferon signaling genes (MX1), C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene, and major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in treated HIV+ noncontrollers predict viral reservoir size.

Among Europeans, HIV tDNA also showed a trend with a SNP in OSBP (oxysterol-binding protein, required for the replication of viruses such as hepatitis C and Zika [ 70 ] and has been associated with HIV-1 infection of monocyte-derived macrophages from highly-exposed seronegative individuals [ 71 ], q = 0.14).

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HIV intact DNA was statistically significantly associated with several gene sets, notably two gene sets highlighting STAT signaling/interferon signaling (Table S8, Supplemental Digital Content), as well as a highly significant gene set seen in Europeans, reflecting viral entry into host cell (Fig. 3 , Table S8, Supplemental Digital Content).

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