Inequities in surgical outcomes by race and sex in the United States: retrospective cohort study.

50 Another study from England and from Wales found that mortality was higher among Black infants undergoing cardiac surgery than among White infants; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance, possibly owing to the small sample size (only 240 Black infants were included in the sample). 51 Our study sample comprised more than 100 000 Black patients, which enabled us to detect clinically meaningful differences in surgical mortality by race and sex.

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