Experiment 3 Within the doubled haploid population, when using the “target” growth stages for transfer as a fixed effect there was a very highly significant interaction ( P < 0.001) between temperature, growth stage, and DH line for grain number.
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GC2 showed positive correlations with GC3 and a highly significant correlation with GCall ( P < 0.001).
All nine indices showed highly significant treatment effects in 2023 and 2024 (p< 0.001), while seven remained significant in 2025 (p< 0.001).
Both Wilk’s Λ and Pillai’s trace were highly significant ( p < 0.001) for each of the single IVs (treatment, exposure time and cultivar), for the two-way interactions (treatment ∗ exposure time, treatment ∗ cultivar, exposure time ∗ cultivar) and the three-way interaction treatment ∗ exposure time ∗ cultivar.
Analysis of variance Pooled analysis of variance demonstrated highly significant effects of genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction ( p < 0.001) for all studied characters ( Table 3 ), reflecting substantial genetic variability and pronounced differential responses of genotypes across temperature regimes.
Results In this study, the genetic correlations between female flowering (FF) and male flowering (MF) remained consistent across all environments ( Figure 2 ) with a positive correlation (r > 0.82) and highly significant (p<0.001).
A highly significant positive correlation was found between Zn and Fe ( r = 0.54; P < 0.001) content of the breeding lines, therefore it was possible to breed for both properties in parallel.
Although marginally significant ( p = 0.001), the height of transgenic plants was only 8% lower than that of Columbia compared to ∼40% reduction seen in 3KO plants (Figure 1 E).
Mahalanobis squared distances revealed highly significant differences among WW, WS, and SS ( P < 0.001; Tab.
Associations were considered highly significant at a threshold of P < 0.001.
Analysis of variance and mean trait performance of finger millet genotypes under contrasting moisture regimes Under drought-stressed (ST) conditions, the analysis of variance showed highly significant (P <0.001) differences among progenies (F 1 ) for all assessed traits ( Table 4 ).
The multivariate analysis showed that both seed priming treatment and growth stage had highly significant multivariate effects on phytochemical accumulation (p< 0.001), with a significant interaction between these factors ( Table 1 ).
Significance testing for fixed effects in the mixed model ( Table 3 ) revealed that location effects were highly significant (P< 0.001).
With a mIoU of 39.66% (± 0.91) versus 25.04% (± 1.81) for the baseline, the observed improvement is highly significant ( p< 0.001).
Internode length was the most strongly differentiated trait, showing highly significant differences at both canopy strata (p < 0.001 for middle and lower internodes; Supplementary Table 2 ), and ordering across strata.
3.2.2 Grain yield The factorial ANOVA revealed that nitrogen availability was the dominant factor influencing quinoa grain yield, with a highly significant main effect (P < 0.001; Supplementary Table 2 ).
Paired statistical tests confirmed that differences between CK and 150 NaCl were all highly significant (p < 0.001).
Only highly significant correlations ( p <0.001) were considered for this analysis.
Location main effect was found to be highly significant ( p < 0.001), confirming its importance in cultivar placement.
Statistical analysis demonstrates highly significant strain × temperature interactions with P<0.001 ( Supplementary Table 3 ).
Results Selection Response Selection Based on Freezing Tests (FT) The results showed highly significant differences in freezing tolerance between genotypes ( F = 5.0, p < 0.001).
Results Vegetation cover changes during 1982 to 2020 in the Tibetan plateau As shown in Figure 3 , between 1982 and 2020, nearly 89% of the alpine ecosystem in the Tibetan Plateau showed an increasing trend in vegetation cover, with a rate of change of 0.0019 per year for VCI ( p < 0.001) and 0.0096 per year for LAI ( p < 0.0001).
ANOVA confirmed that treatment effects were highly significant ( p < 0.001, LSD 0.05 = 4.42).
Furthermore, the Plant hormone signal transduction pathway (ko04075) exhibited highly significant enrichment (p < 0.001).
Student's pairwise t -test revealed that the differences in the average distances of the three pairs ( Figure 5d ) were highly significant ( p < 0.001).