The ANOVA results showed both environmental and genotypic effects to be highly significant (p-value < 0.01) for most traits in all populations, except for UI in populations 1 and 6 ( Supplementary Table S2 ).
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There was a highly significant interaction effect between seed treatment and variety on β-amylase activity (P < 0.01).
The correlation with AK was highly significant ( P < 0.01).
Aboveground growth and plant biomass accumulation There were highly significant differences in the height and ground diameter of S. glabra between the different agroforestry systems ( P < 0.01, Figures 1A, B ; Supplementary Table 1 ).
Regarding structural uniformity, the spatial autocorrelation coefficient of canopy height showed a highly significant positive correlation with yield (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.82**, P < 0.01), indicating that more uniform distribution of plant height across the field correlates with higher yield.
In the 2024–2025 season, an extremely significant negative correlation emerged between PA and SLN ( P < 0.01; Table 2 ), indicating that more prostrate growth habits were associated with reduced leaf necrosis.
As shown in Figure 5 , all candidate genes showed highly significant differences ( n = 15, P < 0.01) between high-content group and low-content group, consist with RNA-Seq results. 4 Discussion 4.1 QTL identification for volatile terpene contents Mapping QTLs of aroma traits is challenging.
As shown in Table 5 , wheat-straw returning, K application, and their interaction exerted significant ( p < 0.05) or highly significant ( p < 0.01) effects on K translocation amount and K translocation contribution rate in stem sheaths (leaves) during the grain-filling stage, as well as K agronomic efficiency (KAE) and K physiological efficiency (KRE).
The expression of StTCP15 gene increased during dormancy release, and the difference between dormancy and dormancy release was extremely significant ( P < 0.01), dormancy release and sprouting were about 4.35 and 9.00 times that in dormancy, respectively ( Figure 1C ).
Leaf correlation analysis Highly significant positive correlations ( p < 0.01 ) were observed among the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, and CAT.
Analysis of variance performed across all environments revealed highly significant (p< 0.01) differences among lines/varieties, environments, and G×E interaction ( Table 1 ).
At the 95% confidence level, the effects of the garlic conveying speed and extension spring preload force on the maximum floating displacement were highly significant ( P < 0.01), and the effects of extension spring stiffness on the maximum floating displacement were not significant ( P > 0.05).
Statistical analysis in Supplementary Table 6 confirms that all observed performance improvements are significant: for ResNet18 and ResNet50, both McNemar, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon tests indicate highly significant gains (p< 0.01), while VGG16 and MobileNetV2 also show consistent improvements, with most comparisons reaching p< 0.05.
Yield-related traits were also highly significant ( p < 0.01), with heritability values ranging from 67.75% to 87.03%, and several hybrid combinations outperformed the commercial check for yield per plant.
Culturable microbial abundance Cropping pattern, nitrogen application rate, and their interaction exerted highly significant effects on soil microbial culturable abundance ( P < 0.01; Table 2 ).
Interestingly, several traits showed strong correlations, with all of the mentioned correlations being highly significant at p < 0.01 or lower.
The results of the two-way ANOVA demonstrated that both elevation and plant year exerted highly significant main effects ( P < 0.01) on plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of effective tillers, total tiller number, forage yield, and seed yield.
Branch number, plant height, leaf dimensions (width and length), and petiole characteristics (length and diameter) exhibited highly significant differences ( P < 0.01).
Effects on GR activity Highly significant effects ( p < 0.01, Table 1 ) of the Epichloë endophyte, Se concentration, and treatment duration were observed on GR activities in the shoots and roots of F. sinensis .
In correlation analyses between bacterial/fungal species richness and maize yield components, bacterial and fungal richness exerted a highly significant positive effect on maize yield (p<0.01), suggesting that a favorable microbial environment promotes maize yield.
According to the p-values, soil moisture content (A), soil temperature (B), and electrode insertion depth (C), all had highly significant effects on soil EC (P< 0.01).
GP showed highly significant positive correlations ( p < 0.01) with GR, GI, VI, shoot fresh weight (SFW), and shoot dry weight (SDW), indicating that a higher GP reflects an enhanced early germination and seedling vigor under alkaline stress.
Effect on dry matter quality of quinoa under different irrigation and nitrogen application treatments The analysis of variance results ( Table 2 ) revealed that both irrigation level and nitrogen application rate had highly exerted highly significant effects on dry matter accumulation in quinoa across all growth stages ( p < 0.01).
For the in-row plant spacing (plant density), the yield effect was extremely significant ( P<0.01 ) at three sites (except the LS site).
The yield differenceof six varieties were found to be highly significant ( P<0.01 ) at the JG and GX site, but not at the LS and HZ site.