Phenotypic Analysis of Salinity Tolerance Analysis of Variance and Mean Performance of the Studied Traits The analysis of variance revealed highly significant ( p < 0.01) differences for the 13 measured traits among the wheat genotypes in the control and salinity treatments.
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Effect of Single Doses of Gamma Radiation Highly significant interaction effects ( p < 0.01) were recorded between genotype and gamma radiation dosage on seedling emergence percentage and survival percentage ( Table 1 ).
Quantitative analysis of the FITC-fluorescence displayed highly significant differences between absorbing and non-absorbing cells in S. oreophila , and compared to S. purpurea ( p < 0.01 in all cases, see Figure 5 ).
Activity of PAL A highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01) increase in PAL activity was observed in all evaluated wheat lines/cultivars ( Taa Sumai 3/R, Tas 581/R, Taa 307/S, and Tas 587/S) after inoculation with F. culmorum to non-inoculated plants ( Figure 3 ).
Joint ANOVA and Genetic Parameters Joint ANOVA for the treatments (environmental indices (E) and genotypes (G)) displayed highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) for all studied traits, and the interactions were significant for 12 traits and insignificant for 8 traits (DH, RWC, E, POD, Pn, Gs, PPO, and CAT) ( Table 2 ).
Combined analysis of variance for GPC indicated a highly significant effect ( p -value < 0.01) for the environments, genotypes, and genotype × environment interaction ( Table 1 ).
Out of the 11 conventional descriptors used, highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) were found among the means of the individuals for seven traits including Nodal Anthocyanin, Leaf Shape and Leaf Pubescence, and flower descriptors.
A value of p < 0.05 was considered significantly different, and a highly significant difference was identified with p < 0.01.
Results Effect of Cultivar, Mesos Concentration, and Subcultivation on Shoot Number and Length in Studied Cultivars Analyses of variance proved a significant and highly significant effect ( p < 0.01) of most of the tested factors (cultivar, mesos concentration, subcultivation) and their interactions on the shoot number and length in each species studied ( Table 1 and Table 2 ).
The key enzyme genes (red font) clustered together and exhibited highly significant correlations ( p -value ≤ 1.00 × 10 −2 ).
Soil Bulk Density and Water Content Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that biochar and year exerted highly significant effects on soil bulk density ( p < 0.01), whereas N fertilizer and the biochar × N fertilizer interaction did not significantly affect this parameter ( Table 1 ).
Effects of Water Regime and Fertilization on Photosynthetic Parameters of Pinus koraiensis and Fraxinus mandshurica Seedlings Water regime had highly significant effects on all photosynthetic parameters in both P. koraiensis and F. mandshurica seedlings ( p < 0.01), confirming that water availability was the dominant factor controlling photosynthetic performance ( Figure 1 ).
There were highly significant differences for all traits among Block effects and Family × Block interactions ( p < 0.01), indicating substantial within-site environmental heterogeneity and rank instability across blocks. 2.2.
Responses of Whole-Plant Dry Matter and Plant Nitrogen Concentration to Nitrogen Fertilization Analysis of variance showed that year, site, N rate, and cultivar had highly significant effects on whole-plant dry matter and plant N concentration at all growth stages ( p < 0.01) ( Table 3 ).
Specifically, PH, BPH, and NNMS showed highly significant positive correlations ( p < 0.01) with each other, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.69 to 0.95.
In contrast, SMC in the salt-stressed groups increased progressively compared with the control, showing significant differences from day 12 ( p < 0.05) and highly significant differences from day 26 ( p < 0.01).
Two-way ANOVA further indicated that the interaction between stubble height and cutting density exerted highly significant effects on leaf and soil C, N, and P contents as well as their stoichiometric ratios ( p < 0.01), and was more influential than either factor alone.
In addition, Spearman’s rank-order correlation showed that the samples in different locations of the same habitat had extremely significant positive correlation ( p < 0.01).
Potassium (K) had a positive correlation with proline (%Pro) (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) and a highly significant positive correlation with superoxide dismutase (%SOD) (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). pH was negatively correlated with %Pro (r = −0.64, p < 0.05).
Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) among genotypes for all six agronomic traits evaluated, confirming substantial genetic variability with grain yield exhibiting the widest variation (CV = 28.55%), ranging from 0.25 to 125.56 g/plant.
A comparison of soil metal distributions between GC and WC systems showed that Cd concentrations had no significant change between cultivation systems ( p > 0.05), while Pb showed highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) across the two cultivation systems due to anthropogenic input.
Effects of Organic Fertilization on System Productivity Organic fertilization practices had a highly significant effect on maize equivalent yield (MEY) across the rotation system ( Figure 1 a; p < 0.01).
All statistical analyses were performed using Origin 2024 software, and differences were considered statistically significant at “ p < 0.05” and extremely significant at “ p < 0.01”. 5.
The ANOVA results displayed that the difference between RILs for both populations was highly significant for all three traits ( p < 0.01) ( Supplementary Table S3 ).
Nutritional quality showed highly significant correlations with plant height and leaf length ( p < 0.01) and significant correlations with tiller number, stem diameter, and grass height ( p < 0.05), whereas the dry–to–fresh ratio was only moderately correlated with plant height and leaf length (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05).