On the other hand, a high dose of 100 μg/ml already showed a trend towards loss of osteogenic commitment (Control = 11.3 ± 1.4%, TG-VEGF 0.01 = 10.3 ± 0.7%, TG-VEGF 0.1 = 27.9 ± 2.8%, TG-VEGF 100 = 6.1 ± 2.0%; p < 0.001 TG-VEGF 0.1 vs Control).
A clear trend of decreasing proliferation was observed at increasing depths towards the centre of the graft in each condition, with the notable exception of the 0.1 μg/ml dose of TG-VEGF, which significantly increased the proportion of proliferating human progenitors in each layer compared to all other conditions (Fig. 3d ).