Associations between the human immune system and gut microbiome with neurodevelopment in the first 5 years of life: A systematic scoping review.

Many of these associations failed to reach statistical significance, with most studies enlisting traditional null hypothesis significance testing approaches that use the conventional p < .05 level to determine significance.

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With many of the included studies statistically underpowered to detect statistically significant effects that are small‐to‐medium in size, it was perhaps unsurprising to note that most included studies—while providing an indication of directional associations—did not reach statistical significance.

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