Causal effects between atrial fibrillation and heart failure: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Additionally, a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered nominally significant for all MR methods.

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Notably, the estimates of the causal effect of AF on HF, although nominally significant, did not reach statistical significance when using the MR-Egger method, accounting for multiple testing (P = 0.0274 > 0.025; see Methods).

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