Revisiting Javal's rule: a fresh and improved power vector approach according to age.

Both the ACA and PCA in the current study showed a trend of steepest meridian location towards a more horizontal orientation with increasing age, more evident for ACA than PCA (see Fig. 1 ).

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The RA, KA, and ACA show a clear trend in J 0 power vector component from positive values under 60 years old to negative values above 60 years old, this being related with the trend in corneal astigmatism from WTR to ATR as we age.

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