Comparison of the CASA and InVEST models' effects for estimating spatiotemporal differences in carbon storage of green spaces in megacities.

Due to the adjustment of Shenzhen’s industrial structure and economic model, the cropland showed an increasing trend (+ 0.6%) from 2008 to 2013 (+ 1223.9 hm 2 ), and then showed a decreasing trend (− 1%) from 2013 to 2022 (− 2113.9 hm 2 ).

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Overall, in 2008–2022, except for the construction land, other land use types showed a trend of decrease.

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The estimation results of the carbon storage model showed that the carbon storage of green space shows a significant trend of reduction from 2008 to 2022, and the reduction amounts are 0.8 × 106 t (CASA model) and 0.64 × 106 t (InVEST model), respectively.

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