Pathophysiological Link and Treatment Implication of Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Patients with WRF more frequently had an ischemic HFpEF phenotype; however, the onset of WRF was not associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization, although a positive trend was noted [ 93 ].

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The CHARM-PRESERVED trial, conducted in patients with LVEF ≥ 40%, showed a trend in favor of candesartan for a reduction in new hospitalization for HF in patients with HFpEF [ 92 ].

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The sub-analysis of the FIDELIO-DKD trial, stratifying patients based on a history of heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% or not, revealed a trend toward a reduction in time-to-event cardiovascular outcomes in the finerenone arm, although this trend did not reach statistical significance [ 88 ].

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