Association of serum galectin-3 levels with mortality and cardiovascular disease outcomes in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Dose–response meta-analysis suggested a positive log-linear relationship between serum galectin-3 values and all-cause mortality, while the association with cardiovascular mortality was less clear; although higher galectin-3 levels showed a trend toward higher cardiovascular mortality, the relevant studies were few and statistical significance was not reached.

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In one study, higher serum galectin-3 levels were associated with significantly higher cardiovascular mortality risk (HR per standard deviation increase: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10–1.31), while in two studies, this trend did not reach statistical significance.

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