Assessing multi-decadal climatic variability and its impact on cardamom cultivation in the Indian Cardamom Hills.

From the (Table 2 ) the winter season (January, February, December) shows an increasing trend in precipitation, with an average ZMK value of 0.289, though it is not statistically significant, suggesting that the observed rise may be due to natural variability rather than a strong trend.

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Positive values in months with an increasing trend and negative values in months with a decreasing trend are consistent with the direction of the trends identified by the Kendall ZMK values.

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Pre - monsoon precipitation reported an increasing trend across all methods, with the MK test representing a clear trend, and the SS estimator describing it as a moderate increase, and the ITA method categorizing it as increasing at a medium rate.

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