Fractionated alpha and mixed beam radiation promote stronger pro-inflammatory effects compared to acute exposure and trigger phagocytosis.

It is important to note that, although trends and minor alterations in the protein expression and activation of NF-κB and STING were observed, these changes did not reach statistical significance.

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There was a clear trend of elevated IL-1β expression with a greater proportion of high-LET radiation, as depicted in Figure 5A .

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