Similarly, a significant trend towards better outcomes was observed with increasing Kawaguchi scores ( p = 0.009), with grade 1 tumors having a 51.7% lower probability of good outcomes compared to grade 3 ( Figure 4 and Figure 5 ).
Although the Kawaguchi system did not show strong predictive ability, a positive trend was evident, supported by a high Spearman coefficient.
In our study, we observed a positive trend toward better outcomes among patients without intraoperative changes (OR 4.20), but it did not reach statistical significance, likely due to our study’s small sample size.