Impact of maternal and offspring smoking and breastfeeding on oesophageal cancer in adult offspring.

Nat Commun · 2025 · PMC11754477 · PMID 39843420

Europe PMC DOI

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the effect of breastfeeding did not reach statistical significance in terms of the risk of death from oesophageal cancer, the data still show a trend that breastfeeding may contribute to reducing the risk of death from oesophageal cancer.

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failed to reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Among nonwhite participants, although breastfeeding appeared to have a potential benefit in reducing the risk of oesophageal cancer, the results failed to reach statistical significance because of the relatively small sample size of nonwhites.

also in 6,035 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.