Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced neuroinflammation and better cognitive control in people living with HIV.

As for the smoking-related variables, the negative associations (approaching significance) between urinary cotinine (and craving) scores and WB SUV are consistent with prior research [ 37 , 38 ] whereby variables indicating greater cigarette smoke exposure were associated with lower levels of the neuroinflammation marker.

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Consistent with the WB findings, SUVs for eleven of the fourteen smaller VOIs had a significant effect of smoking status (F’s[1, 54] = 4.2–7.6, p’s = 0.008–0.04), while the remaining VOIs approached significance (F’s[1, 54] = 2.8–3.8, p’s = 0.06–0.10).

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