Glycemic variability and its association with short and long term clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with cerebral hemorrhage.

Quartile analysis indicated a clear trend ( P for trend = 0.005), with patients in the highest quartile (Q4) showing more than double the risk compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.31–4.39).

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Similarly, GV was significantly associated with 90-day mortality, with a HR per standardized unit increase of 1.19 (95% CI: 1.08–1.30, P < 0.001) in Model 3, and quartile analysis showed a significant trend ( P for trend < 0.001), with Q4 demonstrating almost double the mortality risk compared to Q1 (HR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.35–2.79).

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