For MAPK9, APP/PS1 mice had elevated expression compared to WT mice, and both ginseng and Ginsenoside Ro treatments significantly decreased MAPK9 expression, with Ro H (P < 0.001) and Ro L (P < 0.01) showing highly significant reductions ( Figure 5B ).
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Ginsenoside Ro ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice via the IBA1/GFAP-MAPK signaling pathway.
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The central residence time ( Figure 3D ) was significantly reduced in APP/PS1 mice compared to WT mice, indicating higher anxiety levels; ginseng (P < 0.05) and Ro L (P < 0.01) treatments significantly increased the central residence time, while Ro H showed an increasing trend without reaching significance.
While Ro L treatment showed a trend toward reduced p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK expression, these changes did not reach statistical significance.