Inflammatory markers activation associated with vapor or smoke exposure in Wistar rats.

Front Immunol · 2025 · PMC11968385 · PMID 40191199

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showed a trendno p-value reported

IL-10 showed a trend toward the lowest values in the vapor-exposed group, but the differences were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05, Supplementary Tables S1 , S2 ).

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a clear trendno p-value reported

The results showed a clear trend toward higher values of interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17A, and GM-CSF) in the smoke-exposed group than in the vapor-exposed and control groups, but the differences were not statistically significant.

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