Prevalence and risk factors of anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

While these associations did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.05), the substantial adjusted R 2 values suggest clinically meaningful relationships between ART status and anemia prevalence.

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The linear regression analysis suggests an average increase in prevalence of 1.39% per year, though this trend is marginally significant ( p = 0.0544) with a relatively low R-squared value of 0.0964, indicating substantial variability in the data not explained by time alone.

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Laboratory parameters Viral load showed moderate association (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.47–5.58, p < 0.05) with no heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%), while low WBC count showed a trend toward association but missed statistical significance (OR = 3.67, 95% CI: 0.92–14.63, p = 0.0531).

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While our analysis showed an increasing trend in anemia prevalence among PLHIV over the study period (2005–2024), general population anemia rates in Southeast Asia have shown modest declines during similar timeframes according to WHO global anemia estimates [ 74 , 75 ].

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