Mortality and exacerbation risk according to GOLD and STAR severity stages of COPD: a 5-year multicenter prospective cohort study.

Similar to the case for OS, CIF curves revealed a positive trend for the cumulative incidence of exacerbations among GOLD stages ( P < 0.01 for trend; adjusted P < 0.01 for stages I, II, or III versus stage IV), although the CIF curves for stages I and II were closely aligned (Fig. 3 A).

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1 A) revealed a significant trend for all-cause mortality among GOLD stages ( P < 0.01 for trend).

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Unlike the GOLD classification, however, no significant difference was apparent among STAR stages for the frequency of individuals with a history of asthma ( P = 0.33 for heterogeneity).

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