With Onyx‐18, half of the treated kidneys exhibited large areas of interstitial inflammation, resulting in a significantly higher inflammation score compared to NeoCast ( p = 0.035) and approached significance compared to PVA particles ( p = 0.054).
Overall, the absolute biological response to NeoCast was milder compared to n‐BCA, with a standardized effect size, r , ranging from medium (e.g., r = 0.41 for vessel injury) to large (e.g., r = 0.67–0.74 for endothelial cell loss, inflammation, and fibrosis) although the differences in scores did not reach statistical significance.