Individualized Target Fortification of Breast Milk with Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fat for Preterm Infants: Effect on Neurodevelopment.

While most BSID-III scale differences between the SF and TFO groups were not statistically significant, the study shows a clear trend favoring TFO.

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Belonging to the intervention group or the high-protein group had a significant positive effect on cognitive scores ( p < 0.05), while language and motor scores showed a positive trend, though not statistically significant.

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Comparing preterm infants in the low-protein and high-protein groups, regardless of study group, showed a weak trend toward better scores in the high-protein group, though statistical significance was not reached ( Table 5 ).

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While most BSID-III outcomes did not reach statistical significance, a trend toward improved neurological development was observed, including significantly better scores in the language subscale and fewer infants with motor scores ≤70.

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