Effects of regular, glulisine, and aspart insulin on vascular endothelial growth factor and angiotensinogen expression in hyperglycemic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs).

Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne) · 2025 · PMC12158669 · PMID 40510890

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showed a trendP = 0.093so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Compared to the osmolarity control, the hyperglycemic medium significantly increased VEGF-A expression in RPE cells (2.62-fold, P = 0.001, one-sample t-test) and showed a trend toward increased AGT expression (3.32-fold, P = 0.093).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

A similar pattern was observed in HRECs; however, the differences in VEGF-A (P = 0.107) and AGT (P = 0.116) expression did not reach statistical significance.

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