showed a trendp = 0.053
Gross total resection showed a trend toward improved survival (HR = 0.563, 95% CI: 0.315–1.007, p = 0.053), though it did not reach statistical significance. 5-ALA remained non-significant in the multivariable model (HR = 0.885, 95% CI: 0.554–1.413, p = 0.608), suggesting that while it improves resection extent, it does not independently affect survival when accounting for other clinical variables. 3.6.