Differential expression of cytokines and vitamin D in benign and malignant thyroid diseases.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis established vitamin D as an independent protective factor against malignant thyroid nodules (OR = 0.542, 95% CI: 0.354–0.852, P = 0.008), while IL-17 demonstrated a borderline significant association as a risk factor (OR = 1.415, 95% CI: 0.957–2.094, P = 0.082).

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IL-17 showed a trend toward positive association (OR = 1.415, 95% CI: 0.957–2.094; P = 0.082), though this did not reach statistical significance.

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Multivariate analysis confirmed that vitamin D served as an independent protective predictor for malignant thyroid nodules (OR = 0.542, P = 0.008), while IL-17 showed a trend toward being a risk factor (OR = 1.415), though the statistical significance was marginal ( P = 0.082).

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This marginal significance for IL-17 may reflect the limited sample size in our cohorts (benign: n = 24; PTC: n = 39), underscoring the need for validation in larger populations.

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