Balancing Objectivity and Welfare: Physiological and Behavioural Responses of Guide Dogs During an Independent Certification Protocol.

Animals (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12248611 · PMID 40646795

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0561

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0561

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.0561so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

A marginally significant effect of sex was observed ( p = 0.0561), with male dogs tending to perform this behaviour more frequently than females.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the descriptive patterns of the salivary cortisol measures suggested a decrease during the test with the familiar trainer and appeared to increase again during the test with the blind tester, these trends did not reach statistical significance.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Dogs turned around more frequently when guiding the unfamiliar tester, possibly seeking reassurance, but showed a trend toward fewer stress-related behaviours.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.