close to significancep = 0.027
Magnesium (Mg) was the only element for which the differences between groups were close to significance ( p = 0.027), which may suggest potential deviations in its concentration.
Magnesium (Mg) was the only element for which the differences between groups were close to significance ( p = 0.027), which may suggest potential deviations in its concentration.
In region B, the only elements approaching significance were cadmium (Cd) and Mn ( Figure 10 a,b).
For lead (Pb), the p value of 0.051 is close to the level of significance, which may suggest that the differences in the levels of this element may be significant; however, at the level of 0.05, the result is ambiguous.
This is particularly important given that the biological half-life of cadmium in the human body is >25 years, which is a significant period, suggesting that cadmium may be significantly retained in the lungs of long-term smokers [ 53 ].