The relationship between carotenoids and diabetic nephropathy: insights from NHANES.

Front Nutr · 2025 · PMC12330217 · PMID 40777169

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.1660

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Race interaction: highly significant (overall p < 0.001).

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borderline significantp = 0.05actually significant

Race interaction: borderline significant (overall p = 0.05).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.087so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

2 β-carotene (β-carotene) The OR value for the lower intake group (Lower intake) showed a potentially protective trend (OR = 0.816, 95% CI: 0.645–1.031) but did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.087).

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near significancep = 0.166not close (p > 0.1)

Non-Hispanic Black highest intake: near significance (OR = 0.474, p = 0.166) but confidence interval contains 1 (CI: 0.162–1.389). 4 Lycopene Sex interaction: not significant (overall p = 0.216).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

In contrast, lycopene showed a trend toward higher risk in the higher intake group among Non-Hispanic Black (OR = 4.99), which is highly consistent with the high prevalence of diabetic nephropathy among African-Americans as characterized by the U.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.