Spatiotemporal changes in habitat quality and driving factors in South Hunan mining urban agglomerations, China.

At the α level, a significant trend in HQ is indicated if Z > Z - α/2, with α commonly set at 0.05.

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Moreover, the area with improved HQ is only 6815.40 km 2 which is distributed mainly in the intersection area of Huaihua, Yongzhou, and Loudi, among which the HQ of approximately 19.71 km 2 in the central part of Huaihua has a strong trend of improvement, accounting for 0.02% of the study area.

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where H j and H i represent the HQ values in years j and i , respectively, and β represents the trend of change in HQ; when β > 0, it indicates a decreasing trend in HQ; conversely, it indicates an increasing trend.

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