Comparative analysis of surgical outcomes: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open thoracotomy in organizing thoracic empyema management.

However, the VATS group showed a trend toward less intraoperative blood loss (mean difference: −34.20; 95%CI: −162.89 to 94.49).

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In the propensity-matched cohort, differences in intraoperative blood loss and operative time remained significant; however, the difference in the proportion of fully expanded lungs at discharge did not reach statistical significance.

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