Immunotherapy against colorectal cancer via delivery of anti-PD-L1 nanobody mRNA.

IHC analysis further revealed that qPDL1Nb mRNA-LNP reduced CAC tumour proliferation, although the reduction did not reach statistical significance ( figure 4D, E ).

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In contrast to the downregulation of MDSCs and TAMs, the qPDL1Nb mRNA-LNP treatment significantly increased tumour infiltration of CD8 + T cells ( figure 5A ) and showed a trend towards increased levels of CD8 + IFNγ + , CD4 + and CD4 + IFNγ + T cells in GNAI1;3 DKO mice ( figure 5B ; online supplemental figure S2A, B ).

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