Dual doppler dynamics: integrating femoral venous doppler and VExUS for predicting organ dysfunction in acute heart failure.

Trend analyses for both FVD and VExUS did not demonstrate significant associations with outcomes, although patients with persistently normal FVD values showed a nonsignificant trend toward lower mortality risk (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.07–1.02; p = 0.068).

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Neither baseline FVD nor VExUS grades showed significant associations with mortality or MAKE-90, although point estimates suggested a possible trend toward increased odds of mortality with congestion evaluated by FVD (multivariable OR 2.65, 95% CI 0.92–8.62; p = 0.084).

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Although there were no significant differences in RRT, sepsis, length of ICU, or hospital stay, the organ dysfunction group showed a trend towards higher mortality at 90 days of hospitalization (39% vs. 24%, p = 0.1) and a higher incidence of MAKE-90 events (52% vs. 35%, p = 0.06), although the difference was not statistically significant (Table 1 ).

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In contrast, the VExUS trend demonstrated minimal agreement with organ dysfunction, as reflected by a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.09 (95% CI, 0.00–0.21), which did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.156).

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