Efficacy and Safety of <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> CKDB001 Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

However, this did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.05).

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Although between-group comparisons did not show statistical significance, baseline-adjusted ANCOVA revealed a borderline significance for TNF-α, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect of LL supplementation.

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Although the taxonomic shifts in butyrate-producing genera did not reach statistical significance, the relative abundance of genera such as Faecalibacterium , Eubacterium hallii , Roseburia , and Butyrivibrio showed an increasing trend in the LL group.

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In our study, a significant reduction in reaction time on TMT Part A was observed in the LL group compared to the placebo group, whereas error counts showed a trend toward improvement without reaching statistical significance.

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In this study, butyric acid levels significantly increased in the LL group following LL supplementation ( p = 0.0449), whereas a decreasing trend was observed in the placebo group, suggesting that LL may promote the production of beneficial gut-derived metabolites.

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