Longitudinal Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Immunity After BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccination: Influence of Booster Type, Infection and Chronic Health Conditions.

By 12 and 21 months, chronically ill participants continued to show higher median antibody titers than healthy participants ( Figure 4 A, Table 4 ), although the differences at those later points did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.1) likely due to wider variability and smaller “healthy” sample sizes in the later follow-ups.

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When comparing booster strategies, the homologous BNT/BNT/BNT group showed a trend toward higher frequencies of Spike-specific memory B cells (both IgG + and IgM + subsets) than the heterologous group, although likely due to limited sample size these differences were not statistically significant.

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