Hemoglobin as a Treatable Trait in COPD: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study on Hemoglobin Levels and All-Cause Mortality from NHANES Data.

Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis · 2025 · PMC12570981 · PMID 41169342

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0030

closest p · 0.1× alpha

0.0030

boldest claim

The sentences

an increasing trendP=0.003actually significant

Smoking prevalence showed an increasing trend with higher HGB levels (Q1: 81.95% vs Q4: 93.06%, P=0.003).

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a significant trendno p-value reported

A significant trend across quartiles was observed (P for trend <0.001).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although stratified analyses suggested variation in HR across subgroups (including males, elderly >65 years, smokers, and those with cardiovascular disease), interaction tests did not reach statistical significance (all P-interaction >0.05), indicating no evidence of effect modification.

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