[ 63 ], conducted a case-control study in the USA and found a significant trend for increased breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women exposed to high PAH levels at birth ( P = 0.01), with ORs ranging from 1.94 to 2.42, suggesting a dose-response relationship.
[ 64 ], When this study was excluded, the analysis indicated that exposure to PAH metabolites increases the risk by 9%; however, this finding did not reach statistical significance.
[ 32 ], showed a highly significant decrease in sperm count for two idiopathic infertile patients environmentally or occupationally exposed to 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 1-2-naphthol compared to healthy fertile males (26.8 ± 25.7 vs. 87.5 ± 15.4, P = 0.003; 23.7 ± 20.1 vs. 87.5 ± 15.4, P = 0.003).