Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacological, Non-Pharmacological, and Combined Strategies for Pain Relief During Colonoscopy: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Other interventions—including propofol (MD = −2.1, 95% CrI: −4.3 to 0.082), pethidine plus sedatives (MD = −1.7, 95% CrI: −3.7 to 0.43), and fentanyl plus sedatives (MD = −1.4, 95% CrI: −3.3 to 0.49)—showed a trend toward pain relief, though these results did not reach statistical significance ( Table 1 ).

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