Impact of Kefir on the Gut-Brain Axis: Serotonin Metabolism and Signaling in Pediatric Rats.

Additionally, 5-HIAA levels showed a trend toward elevation with kefir consumption ( Figure 3 C). 3.4.

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Additionally, TPH1 and VMAT2 expression levels showed a tendency to increase with kefir consumption; however, these changes did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 2 B).

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In contrast, protein measurements by ELISA demonstrated an increasing trend in brain tissues, while Western blot analyses revealed a dramatic upregulation of 5-HT expression in both brain and jejunum.

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