a marginal trendp = 0.080
Age showed a marginal trend toward higher HbA1c with increasing years (β = 0.01, p = 0.080), though this did not reach statistical significance.
Age showed a marginal trend toward higher HbA1c with increasing years (β = 0.01, p = 0.080), though this did not reach statistical significance.
In contrast, the association with nephropathy did not reach statistical significance (χ 2 (1) = 1.64, p = 0.201; OR = 2.19, 95% CI [0.65–7.45]).
Missing data were minimal (<10%) but not imputed, and the near-significant interaction between physical activity and place of residence, as well as the cluster analysis findings, should be considered exploratory and confirmed in larger, longitudinal, multicentre studies. 5.