Assessment of three broadleaf weed species classification in rice field using UAV hyperspectral imaging and machine learning.

3.1 Detection of broadleaf weed: Limnocharis flava The classification performance for Limnocharis flava (Blw_Lf) using UAV-based hyperspectral imagery across different growth stages shows a clear trend in favor of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier ( Figure 4 ).

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A significant trend observed is the drastic reduction in mixed vegetation coverage, which declined from 7.71% at 15 DAS to 5.74% at 25 DAS, and finally to just 1.42% at 30 DAS ( Figure 7 ).

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Vegetation cover analysis showed an increasing trend in BLW expansion over time, while rice cover fluctuated and soil cover declined, indicating the competitive dominance of weeds.

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